AP World History 2012-2013
  • Unit 1
    • 1.1.3: Tools and Adaptation>
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 1.3.9 & 1.3.2: New Religions & Geographies of Early Civs.>
      • Early Religions>
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
        • Works Cited
      • The Early Civilizations>
        • Case Study
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
        • Works Cited
    • 1.1.2: Humans and Fire>
      • 1.1.4: Economic Structures>
        • Case Study
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 1.3.6: Arts & Record Keeping>
      • Arts and Artisanship
      • Systems of Recordkeeping
      • Case Study: The Phoenician Alphabet
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 1.3.1-1.3.3: Early Culture & Systems of Rule>
      • Culture's Effects
      • Systems of Rule
      • Case Study: Hammurabi's Code
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 1.1-1.4 Early Human Innovation>
      • 1.1.1: Human Patterns of Migration>
        • Case Study
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 1.2.1-1.2.3: The Climate & The Neolithic Era>
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 1.2.5-1.2.6: Reliable Food Sources & Innovation>
      • Case Study - The Plow
      • Works Cited
    • 1.3.1-1.3.2: Pastoralists & Early Architecture>
      • Introduction
      • Monumental Architecture And Urban Planning
      • Pastoralist Weapon Dissemination And Transportation
      • Pastoralist Tools
      • Basic
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
      • Works Cited
  • Unit 2
    • 2.2.5-2.2.7 Social Hierarchy and Gender Roles>
      • Gender Roles>
        • Case Study
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
      • Social Hierarchies >
        • AGMSPRITE
    • 2.2.4 Cities>
      • Trade>
        • Trade AGMSPRITE
        • Trade Case Study
      • Religious Rituals>
        • Religious Rituals AGMSPRITE
        • Religious Rituals Case Study
      • Public Administration>
        • Public Administration AGMSPRITE
        • Public Administration Case Study
    • 2.2.2 Orchestration of the Persian and S. Asian Empires>
      • Persia>
        • Imperial Administration and Legal Systems
        • Military Power
        • Trade and Economic Integration and Regulation
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
      • South Asia>
        • Imperial Administration and Legal Systems
        • Military Power
        • Trade and Economic Integration and Regulation
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 2.2.2 Orchestration of Rome and China>
      • China>
        • Imperial Administration
        • Military Power
        • Trade and Economics
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
      • Rome>
        • Imperial Administration
        • Military Power
        • Trade and Economics
        • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 2.2.1: Growth of Empires & States>
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • 2.1.6 Cultures Of Second Wave Civilizations>
      • Sculptures
      • Architecture
      • Literature
      • A.G.M.S.P.R.I.T.E
      • Sources
    • 2.1.1: Religions as a Bonding Force>
      • The Basic Gist
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
      • Case Study
    • 2.1.4 Buddhism and Hinduism Impact on Gender Roles>
      • Buddhism
    • 2.1.2 The Emergence of Religions>
      • Christianity
      • Confucianism
      • Greco-Roman Philosophy
      • Daoism
      • AGMSPRITE
  • Unit 3
    • 3.1.1 Third Wave Global Trade Routes>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 3.1.2 The Impact of trade on emerging trading cities>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 3.1.3. Spread of Islam Through Afro-Eurasia>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • 3.1.4 Inter-Regional Travelers >
      • The Basic Gist
      • Compare and Contrast
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 3.1.5. Cultural Interactions and Art>
      • The Basic Gist
      • Cultural Traditions AGMSPRITE
      • Art AGMSPRITE
      • Literature AGMSPRITE
      • Case Study
    • 3.1.6: The Impact of Newly Spread Technologies and Scientific Knowledge>
      • Basic Gist
      • Movement of Gunpowder from East to West
      • Movement of Printing from East to West
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 3.1.7 Inter-Regional Conflicts>
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
  • Unit 4
    • 4.1.1. - Influence of Tools Upon Transoceanic Trade>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • 4.1.2: Maritime Reconnaissance>
      • Basic Gist
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 4.1.3 World Economies>
      • Basic Gist
      • AGMSPRITE analysis
      • Case Study
    • 4.1.4 The Colossal Impact of the Colombian Exchange>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study on Sugar
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis of the East
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis of the West
    • 4.1.5 Government and the Arts>
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • 4.2.3 Forced Migration of Africans Cause and Effect>
      • Basic Gist
      • Causes of the forced migration of Africans
      • Effects/Developments of the forced migration of Africans
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 4.3.2 Impact of Technology on state consolidation and imperial expansion>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
  • Unit 5
    • 5.3.1 US and Latin American Revolutions >
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • 5.3.2b Hatian Revolution>
      • Basic Gist
      • AGMSPRITE
    • 5.3.2a: Causes and Effects of French Revolution>
      • Causes of the French Revolution
      • Effects of the French Revolution
      • AGMSPRITE
    • 5.3.2c Causes and Effects of the Mexican Revolution>
      • Basic Gist
      • Causes of the Mexican Revolution
      • Effects of the Mexican Revolution
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 5.3.3: The Winds of Change>
      • Case Study
      • The Conception of Nation-States
      • Nationalism on the Rise
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 5.3.4 Nationalism and Democracy >
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
      • 5.3.5 Enlightenment and European Despots>
        • Basic Gist
  • Unit 6
    • War and Peace in a Global Context>
      • Big Gist>
        • WWI vs WWII
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • Changing Economics>
      • Basic Gist
      • AGMSPRITE
      • Case Study
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • Demographic and Environmental Changes>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE Analysis
    • 20th Century Globalization>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • Effects of Revolutions on Women>
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE
    • New Patterns of Nationalism >
      • Basic Gist
      • Independence of Vietnam Case Study
      • Effects of Communism Case Study
      • Chinese and Russian Revolutions
      • AGMSPRITE
    • Globalization of Science, technology and culture. >
      • Basic Gist
      • Case Study
      • AGMSPRITE

Basic Gist

5.3.2c by Mishka Wildemaan and Evan Dafoe
Home
Causes
Effects
AGMSPRITE
Picture
The Grito de Dolores, the beginning of the eleven year long Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution

        The Mexican war for independence officially began on September 16th, 1810, albeit tension between Mexican and the Spanish crown can be traced back even earlier. The first recorded act of rebellion against Spain in Mexico can be traced back to Martin Cortez, son of Hernan Cortez, leading a revolt against the colonial government to eliminate the privileges of the conquistadors. Another act of rebellion was in 1799 with the Conspiracy of the Machetes where the conspirators intended to claim the independence of Mexico, declare war on Spain, and kill or expel all Peninsulas. The band only had two pistols and roughly fifty cutlasses and machetes, where the name originated. One of the fellow conspirators turned the band into the authorities and they were all arrested in secret in order not to rouse the populace.
        Eleven years following the Conspiracy of the Machetes , Father Miguel Hidalgo declared the independence of Mexico and war on Spain in what became known as the Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"). Hidalgo and his followers began to march on the Capital of Mexico City and found victories along the way in Guanajuato and at the battle of Monte de las Cruces. The rebel force lost to the much larger and better armed Spanish army at Mexico City and forced a retreat. In January 1811, the rebel forces encountered the Spanish army at the Battle of the Bridge of Calderon where they were defeated once again. This had the rebel forces fleeing to the Mexican-American border in hopes of escape but the Spanish military intercepted them and Hidalgo and his followers were tried and executed for treason.
        Following Hidalgos execution, leadership of the rebellion fell to Jose Maria Morelos whose leadership had led to the occupation of the cities of Oaxaca and Acapulco. Morelos was captured by Spanish authorities in 1815 and was executed for treason like his predecessor, Hidalgo.
        In 1813, the Congress of Chipancingo and on November 6th signed the first official document known as the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, officially freeing Mexico from Spanish rule. From 1815 to 1821, most of the fighting was done in guerilla bands. But in 1820, the rebels were on the defensive and the Spanish Military, under the command of Agustín de Iturbide, was sent to the city of Oaxaca to defeat the rebel forces led by Vicente Guerrero. After hearing word of a coup in Spain against Ferdinand VII and the signing of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, Iturbide saw a chance to take control of Mexico and convened an arrangement with Guerrero to discuss a renewed independence struggle. After signing a treaty with representatives of the Spanish crown, Iturbide was elected ruler of Mexico by the Mexican Congress and the country was finally free from the rule of Spain.
         The Mexican Revolution of 1910 was led against the Mexican leader, Porfirio Díaz, was by Francisco I. Madero. It lasted around 10 years, ending in 1920. People began fighting because they were tired of the Mexican political system, which was corrupt, and they were also uncontent with the system of foreign investments that were running the country. Citizens from all social levels fought, poor, middle, and upper class. Madero himself gained support to fight because he believed that Diaz had a monopoly on the government, which can be demonstrated by the fact that Diaz had Madero thrown in jail during elections because he did not want to risk losing. After being released from jail, he called for a rebellion, claiming that the elections were false and the government was corrupt. Armed rebellions were already taking place all around Mexico, because of the political turmoil that had taken place. Emiliano Zapata, a peasant leader in the south, took up arms, determined to gain a land reform. Muleteer Pascual Orozco and bandit chieftain Pancho Villa also took up arms, and together all three of them rallied armies of thousands. 
        In the south, Zapata attacked the ranches, gaining back land that had been illegally stolen from the peasants by the government. In the north, Orozco and Villa's armies attacked federal garrisons and collected weapons, all the while gaining more troops and recruits. Together, they did very well against the government, and soon Madero joined them, and they marched against the capital. Diaz soon saw that he could not win, and went into exile. Madero entered the city, and claimed himself president pro-temp until a new election could be held. 
        Madero's presidency was short lived, however, because the remaining Diaz followers did not approve of his leadership. He also did not uphold promises he made to his accomplices, ans Orozco, sensing this, took up arms along with Zapata, since Madero had no interest in land reform. They declared a revolution against him. Villa was Madero's only remaining ally. Madero realized this too late though, and was killed by a general still loyal to Diaz, Victoriano Huerta.
        Huerta soon became president, backed by Orozco. Villa and Zapata, however, hated Huerta, and plotted revenge. Former governor Venustiano Carranza and farmer Alvaro Obregón also joined them. They fought against Huerta and Orozco, steadily pushing them back. Soon they had no choice but to go into exile and surrender. Now they were the most powerful men in Mexico. Unfortunately, they were allied only in their hate of Huerta, and soon began to fight amongst themselves. Carranza sided with Obregón, but did not fully trust him. Carranza soon won the fight, and was elected president. Villa and Zapata had withdrawn, and Obregón waited, knowing that he would be elected after Carranza. But Carranza wanted another as his sucessor, and because of this, Obregón fought him and soon came to power, being easily and legally elected.
Picture
Father Miguel Hidalgo led the beginnings of the war for independence in Mexico until his eventual capture and execution in 1811
Picture
The Plan of Iguala that allied Iturbide's and Guerreros forces against Spain
Picture
Francisco I. Madero, political opponent of Diaz and president pro-temp
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